All commodities

96 commodities. Each row shows the top three producing countries, the latest benchmark price and its 12-month change.

Energy

Energy commodities
Commodity	Top producers	Latest price	12 months
Coal Fossilized carbon rock burned for power and heat, and baked into coke for steelmaking.	Share of world coal production: China 52%, India 12%, Indonesia 8.7%, Rest of world 28%. China 52%, India 12%, Indonesia 9% (2025)	$135.2/t Australian thermal, Newcastle	+20%
Crude oil Unrefined petroleum pumped from underground reservoirs and refined into fuels and petrochemical feedstocks.	Share of world crude oil production: United States 21%, Saudi Arabia 11%, Russia 11%, Rest of world 57%. United States 21%, Saudi Arabia 11%, Russia 11% (2025)	$90.9/bbl Brent (dated, 38° API)	+33%
Natural gas Mostly methane, produced from gas and oil fields and moved by pipeline or as liquefied natural gas (LNG); priced regionally, not globally.	Share of world natural gas production: United States 26%, Russia 15%, Iran 6.3%, Rest of world 54%. United States 26%, Russia 15%, Iran 6% (2025)	$2.77/MMBtu US Henry Hub	-5%
Uranium A heavy metal mined as ore, concentrated into yellowcake, then converted and enriched into fuel for nuclear reactors.	Share of world uranium production: United States 29%, China 17%, France 14%, Rest of world 40%. United States 29%, China 17%, France 14% (2025)	$71.09/lb Uranium, U3O8, NUEXCO restricted spot	+21%

Metals

Metals commodities
Commodity	Top producers	Latest price	12 months
Aluminum A light metal smelted from alumina, which is refined from bauxite ore; the chain runs mine (bauxite) to refinery (alumina) to smelter (metal).	Share of world aluminum production: China 61%, India 5.7%, Russia 5.3%, Rest of world 28%. China 61%, India 6%, Russia 5% (2025)	$3,251/t LME cash, high grade	+25%
Bauxite The ore of aluminum: a tropical weathering product refined into alumina, which is then smelted into metal.	Share of world bauxite production: Guinea 34%, Australia 22%, China 20%, Rest of world 24%. Guinea 34%, Australia 22%, China 20% (2025)	No benchmark	—
Chromium The metal that makes stainless steel stainless, mined as chromite ore and smelted into ferrochrome.	Share of world chromium production: South Africa 45%, Turkey 18%, Kazakhstan 14%, Rest of world 24%. South Africa 45%, Turkey 18%, Kazakhstan 14% (2025)	No benchmark	—
Cobalt A metal recovered mostly as a by-product of copper and nickel mining, used in battery cathodes and superalloys.	Share of world cobalt production: DR Congo 74%, Indonesia 14%, Russia 2.5%, Rest of world 9.1%. DR Congo 74%, Indonesia 14%, Russia 2% (2025)	$55,854/t Cobalt, 99.8% minimum purity, LME spot	+70%
Copper A conductive red metal mined as ore, concentrated, smelted and refined into cathode for wiring, motors and pipes.	Share of world copper production: Chile 23%, DR Congo 14%, Peru 12%, Rest of world 51%. Chile 23%, DR Congo 14%, Peru 12% (2025)	$14,326/t LME cash, grade A cathode	+48%
Gold A precious metal mined from ore and recycled from jewellery, held as bars and coins by central banks and investors and worn as jewellery.	Share of world gold production: China 12%, Russia 9.4%, Australia 8.5%, Rest of world 71%. China 12%, Russia 9%, Australia 8% (2025)	$4,411/troy oz London PM fix	+31%
Graphite A crystalline form of carbon, mined as flake or amorphous ore and processed into battery anodes, refractories and lubricants.	Share of world graphite production: China 78%, Madagascar 4.4%, Tanzania 4.2%, Rest of world 14%. China 78%, Madagascar 4%, Tanzania 4% (2025)	No benchmark	—
Iron ore Rock rich in iron oxides, mined in bulk and shipped to blast furnaces to make steel; the most traded dry-bulk cargo.	Share of world iron ore production: Australia 38%, Brazil 16%, India 12%, Rest of world 33%. Australia 38%, Brazil 16%, India 12% (2025)	$96.3/dmtu 62% Fe fines, CFR China spot	-3%
Lead A dense, soft metal used overwhelmingly in lead-acid batteries, and the most recycled of the base metals.	Share of world lead production: China 42%, Australia 11%, Peru 6.4%, Rest of world 41%. China 42%, Australia 11%, Peru 6% (2025)	$1,855/t LME cash	-5%
Lithium A light metal extracted from hard-rock spodumene or salt-lake brine and refined into carbonate, hydroxide or metal for battery cathodes.	Share of world lithium production: Australia 32%, China 21%, Chile 19%, Rest of world 28%. Australia 32%, China 21%, Chile 19% (2025)	$148,620/t Lithium metal, 99% battery grade	+82%
Manganese A metal used almost entirely in steelmaking, where it removes oxygen and sulfur and adds strength; also a battery cathode ingredient.	Share of world manganese production: South Africa 38%, Gabon 25%, Ghana 10%, Rest of world 27%. South Africa 38%, Gabon 25%, Ghana 10% (2025)	$2,894/t Electrolytic manganese metal, CIF Northwest Europe	+38%
Molybdenum A refractory metal recovered mostly as a by-product of copper mining, added to steel for strength and corrosion resistance.	Share of world molybdenum production: China 37%, Chile 16%, United States 15%, Rest of world 31%. China 37%, Chile 16%, United States 15% (2025)	No benchmark	—
Nickel A corrosion-resistant metal used mostly in stainless steel and increasingly in battery cathodes.	Share of world nickel production: Indonesia 67%, Philippines 6.9%, Russia 5.1%, Rest of world 21%. Indonesia 67%, Philippines 7%, Russia 5% (2025)	$16,751/t LME cash	+12%
Palladium A precious metal used mainly in petrol-engine autocatalysts, mined with platinum and nickel.	Share of world palladium production: Russia 44%, South Africa 37%, Canada 8.4%, Rest of world 11%. Russia 44%, South Africa 37%, Canada 8% (2025)	$1,348/troy oz Palladium, spot	+19%
Platinum A precious metal used in autocatalysts, jewellery and industry, mined almost entirely from two geological complexes.	Share of world platinum production: South Africa 73%, Russia 12%, Zimbabwe 11%, Rest of world 4.1%. South Africa 73%, Russia 12%, Zimbabwe 11% (2025)	$1,780/troy oz London afternoon fix	+33%
Rare earths A group of seventeen chemically similar metals, mined together and separated at great cost, used in magnets, catalysts and phosphors.	Share of world rare earths production: China 69%, United States 13%, Australia 7.4%, Rest of world 10%. China 69%, United States 13%, Australia 7% (2025)	No benchmark	—
Silver A precious metal that is also an industrial one: most mined silver is a by-product of lead, zinc, copper and gold mines.	Share of world silver production: Mexico 24%, Peru 14%, China 13%, Rest of world 49%. Mexico 24%, Peru 14%, China 13% (2025)	$65.4/troy oz Handy & Harman, New York	+71%
Steel Iron alloyed with a little carbon, made in blast furnaces from iron ore or in electric arc furnaces from scrap; the most used metal on earth.	Share of world steel production: China 52%, India 8.4%, United States 4.3%, Rest of world 36%. China 52%, India 8%, United States 4% (2025)	No benchmark	—
Tin A soft metal used mostly as solder in electronics, plus tinplate and chemicals; the smallest of the major base metals.	Share of world tin production: China 24%, Indonesia 21%, Peru 11%, Rest of world 43%. China 24%, Indonesia 21%, Peru 11% (2025)	$55,385/t LME cash	+64%
Zinc A metal used mainly to galvanize steel against rust, plus die-casting alloys and brass.	Share of world zinc production: China 32%, Peru 12%, Australia 8.5%, Rest of world 48%. China 32%, Peru 12%, Australia 8% (2025)	$3,875/t LME cash, special high grade	+39%

Grains & cereals

Grains & cereals commodities
Commodity	Top producers	Latest price	12 months
Barley A cereal grown for animal feed and for malting into beer and whisky; the most cold-tolerant of the major grains.	Share of world barley production: Russia 12%, Australia 9.3%, Germany 7.5%, Rest of world 71%. Russia 12%, Australia 9%, Germany 7% (2024)	$80.4/t Feed barley, FOB Black Sea	-40%
Chickpeas A pulse eaten whole or milled into flour, and the base of hummus and falafel.	Share of world chickpeas production: India 65%, Australia 13%, Turkey 3.4%, Rest of world 18%. India 65%, Australia 13%, Turkey 3% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Corn Maize: a cereal grown mostly for animal feed and ethanol, and as a staple food in Africa and Latin America.	Share of world corn production: United States 31%, China 24%, Brazil 9.4%, Rest of world 35%. United States 31%, China 24%, Brazil 9% (2024)	$224/t US No. 2 yellow, Gulf export	+21%
Lentils A fast-cooking pulse grown in dry temperate zones and traded heavily into South Asia.	Share of world lentils production: Canada 31%, India 23%, Australia 16%, Rest of world 30%. Canada 31%, India 23%, Australia 16% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Oats A cool-climate cereal eaten as flakes and porridge and fed to horses and livestock.	Share of world oats production: Canada 15%, Russia 13%, Poland 7.2%, Rest of world 64%. Canada 15%, Russia 13%, Poland 7% (2024)	$3.35/bu Oats, first-position futures, United States	+1%
Quinoa A high-altitude Andean seed eaten like a grain, which went from local staple to global export crop.	Share of world quinoa production: Peru 69%, Bolivia 30%, Ecuador 0.7%, Rest of world <0.1%. Peru 69%, Bolivia 30%, Ecuador 1% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Rice The staple grain of half the world, grown in flooded paddies and traded milled; production is counted as paddy (unmilled).	Share of world rice production: India 27%, China 25%, Bangladesh 7.4%, Rest of world 41%. India 27%, China 25%, Bangladesh 7% (2024)	$471/t Thai 5% broken, Bangkok FOB	+26%
Sorghum A drought-tolerant cereal eaten as a staple across the Sahel and India and fed to livestock elsewhere.	Share of world sorghum production: United States 14%, Nigeria 10%, India 8.4%, Rest of world 68%. United States 14%, Nigeria 10%, India 8% (2024)	$189.5/t US No. 2, Gulf export	+28%
Wheat A cereal grass whose grain is milled into flour for bread, pasta and noodles, and fed to livestock.	Share of world wheat production: China 18%, India 14%, Russia 10%, Rest of world 58%. China 18%, India 14%, Russia 10% (2024)	$330/t US hard red winter, Gulf export	+43%

Oilseeds & vegetable oils

Oilseeds & vegetable oils commodities
Commodity	Top producers	Latest price	12 months
Canola Seed of the rape plant, bred for low erucic acid (canola), crushed into cooking oil and biodiesel with a protein meal by-product.	Share of world canola production: Canada 22%, China 19%, India 15%, Rest of world 44%. Canada 22%, China 19%, India 15% (2024)	$1,474/t Rapeseed oil, crude, FOB Rotterdam	+22%
Coconut oil Oil pressed from dried coconut flesh (copra), used in food, soap and oleochemicals.	Share of world coconut oil production: Philippines 39%, Indonesia 21%, India 18%, Rest of world 23%. Philippines 39%, Indonesia 21%, India 18% (2023)	$1,853/t Philippines/Indonesia, CIF Rotterdam	-32%
Linseed The seed of the flax plant, crushed for a drying oil used in paint and linoleum and eaten whole as flaxseed.	Share of world linseed production: Russia 39%, Kazakhstan 25%, China 9.3%, Rest of world 26%. Russia 39%, Kazakhstan 25%, China 9% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Olive oil Oil pressed from olives without solvents, graded by acidity and defect rather than by refining.	Share of world olive oil production: Spain 33%, Italy 14%, Turkey 9%, Rest of world 45%. Spain 33%, Italy 14%, Turkey 9% (2023)	No benchmark	—
Palm kernel oil Oil pressed from the seed inside the oil palm fruit; chemically closer to coconut oil than to palm oil.	Share of world palm kernel oil production: Indonesia 59%, Malaysia 25%, Thailand 3.7%, Rest of world 12%. Indonesia 59%, Malaysia 25%, Thailand 4% (2023)	$2,264/t Malaysia, CIF Rotterdam	0%
Palm oil Oil pressed from the fruit flesh of the oil palm; the world's most produced vegetable oil, used in food, soap and biodiesel.	Share of world palm oil production: Indonesia 59%, Malaysia 23%, Thailand 4.2%, Rest of world 13%. Indonesia 59%, Malaysia 23%, Thailand 4% (2023)	$1,117/t Malaysia, CIF Northwest Europe	+9%
Peanuts A legume grown underground, eaten whole, crushed for oil, or ground into paste and butter.	Share of world peanuts production: China 34%, India 21%, Nigeria 7.5%, Rest of world 38%. China 34%, India 21%, Nigeria 7% (2024)	$1,250/t Groundnuts, CIF Europe	0%
Sesame seed A drought-tolerant oilseed pressed for oil and ground into tahini, grown across the Sahel and Asia.	Share of world sesame seed production: India 13%, Myanmar 11%, Sudan 9.4%, Rest of world 67%. India 13%, Myanmar 11%, Sudan 9% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Soybeans An oilseed legume crushed into meal (animal feed) and oil (cooking oil and biodiesel); the world's most traded farm product by value.	Share of world soybeans production: Brazil 36%, United States 30%, Argentina 12%, Rest of world 22%. Brazil 36%, United States 30%, Argentina 12% (2024)	$482/t US, CIF Rotterdam	+18%
Sunflower oil Oil pressed from sunflower seeds, a light cooking oil concentrated in the Black Sea basin.	Share of world sunflower oil production: Russia 31%, Ukraine 27%, Argentina 7.5%, Rest of world 35%. Russia 31%, Ukraine 27%, Argentina 8% (2023)	$1,492/t Sunflower oil, EU port	+17%

Softs

Softs commodities
Commodity	Top producers	Latest price	12 months
Cardamom An aromatic seed pod harvested green and dried; FAOSTAT counts it together with nutmeg and mace.	Share of world cardamom production: Guatemala 39%, India 27%, Indonesia 21%, Rest of world 13%. Guatemala 39%, India 27%, Indonesia 21% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Cinnamon The dried inner bark of Cinnamomum trees, sold as true cinnamon from Sri Lanka or the cheaper cassia.	Share of world cinnamon production: China 38%, Vietnam 29%, Indonesia 23%, Rest of world 9.8%. China 38%, Vietnam 29%, Indonesia 23% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Cloves Dried flower buds of a tropical tree, most of the crop going into Indonesian kretek cigarettes rather than food.	Share of world cloves production: Indonesia 74%, Madagascar 13%, Tanzania 4.3%, Rest of world 8.7%. Indonesia 74%, Madagascar 13%, Tanzania 4% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Cocoa Fermented, dried seeds of the cacao tree, ground into liquor, butter and powder to make chocolate.	Share of world cocoa production: Ivory Coast 36%, Indonesia 12%, Ghana 10%, Rest of world 42%. Ivory Coast 36%, Indonesia 12%, Ghana 10% (2024)	$5.95/kg Cocoa (ICE New York and London average)	-22%
Coffee Seeds of the Coffea plant, traded green (unroasted) and then roasted close to where it is drunk.	Share of world coffee production: Brazil 30%, Vietnam 18%, Colombia 7.5%, Rest of world 44%. Brazil 30%, Vietnam 18%, Colombia 8% (2024)	$7.97/kg Arabica (ICE New York, other milds)	-1%
Pepper The dried berry of a tropical vine, the most traded spice by both weight and value.	Share of world pepper production: Vietnam 28%, India 14%, Brazil 13%, Rest of world 45%. Vietnam 28%, India 14%, Brazil 13% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Sugar Sucrose crystallized from sugar cane (four-fifths of supply) or sugar beet; traded raw (No. 11) and refined white (No. 5).	Share of world sugar production: Brazil 22%, India 20%, Thailand 5.5%, Rest of world 52%. Brazil 22%, India 20%, Thailand 5% (2023)	$0.38/kg World raw sugar (ISA daily price)	+3%
Tea Leaves of Camellia sinensis, withered, rolled, oxidized and dried, then sold at auction or by contract.	Share of world tea production: China 50%, India 19%, Kenya 8.2%, Rest of world 23%. China 50%, India 19%, Kenya 8% (2024)	$2.91/kg Average of three auctions	-4%
Tobacco Cured leaf of the tobacco plant, traded green or processed into strip before it is made into cigarettes.	Share of world tobacco production: China 37%, India 12%, Brazil 11%, Rest of world 40%. China 37%, India 12%, Brazil 11% (2024)	$6,723/t US import unit value, unmanufactured	-4%
Vanilla The cured seed pod of a climbing orchid, hand-pollinated and cured over months; the second most expensive spice.	Share of world vanilla production: Madagascar 43%, Indonesia 21%, Mexico 7.2%, Rest of world 28%. Madagascar 43%, Indonesia 21%, Mexico 7% (2024)	No benchmark	—

Fruit & vegetables

Fruit & vegetables commodities
Commodity	Top producers	Latest price	12 months
Almonds A drupe seed grown in Mediterranean climates and dependent on managed bee pollination.	Share of world almonds production: United States 51%, Australia 9.4%, Spain 9.4%, Rest of world 31%. United States 51%, Australia 9%, Spain 9% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Apples A temperate pome fruit stored for months in controlled atmospheres so it can be sold all year.	Share of world apples production: China 52%, United States 5%, Turkey 4.5%, Rest of world 38%. China 52%, United States 5%, Turkey 5% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Avocados A fatty tropical fruit picked hard and ripened after shipping, grown mostly in Mexico and the Andes.	Share of world avocados production: Mexico 25%, Colombia 11%, Dominican Republic 11%, Rest of world 53%. Mexico 25%, Colombia 11%, Dominican Republic 11% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Bananas The world's most traded fresh fruit, grown from clonal plants and shipped green in refrigerated ships.	Share of world bananas production: India 27%, China 8.4%, Indonesia 6.6%, Rest of world 58%. India 27%, China 8%, Indonesia 7% (2024)	$1.1/kg Central and South America, US import	+8%
Cashews A kidney-shaped nut whose caustic shell must be removed by hand or steam before the kernel can be eaten.	Share of world cashews production: Ivory Coast 22%, India 19%, Tanzania 12%, Rest of world 47%. Ivory Coast 22%, India 19%, Tanzania 12% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Cassava A drought-tolerant root that feeds hundreds of millions and is dried into chips and starch for export.	Share of world cassava production: Nigeria 18%, DR Congo 14%, Thailand 8.4%, Rest of world 60%. Nigeria 18%, DR Congo 14%, Thailand 8% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Dates The fruit of the date palm, dried on the tree in desert oases and eaten year-round.	Share of world dates production: Saudi Arabia 19%, Egypt 18%, Algeria 13%, Rest of world 49%. Saudi Arabia 19%, Egypt 18%, Algeria 13% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Ginger An underground rhizome sold fresh, dried or preserved, grown mostly in India, Nigeria and China.	Share of world ginger production: India 48%, Nigeria 16%, China 12%, Rest of world 25%. India 48%, Nigeria 16%, China 12% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Grapes Fruit of the vine, split between wine grapes, table grapes and raisins, each a different market.	Share of world grapes production: China 22%, Italy 10%, Spain 7.1%, Rest of world 61%. China 22%, Italy 10%, Spain 7% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Hazelnuts A temperate nut grown overwhelmingly on the Turkish Black Sea coast and bought largely by confectioners.	Share of world hazelnuts production: Turkey 59%, Italy 9.9%, United States 7.2%, Rest of world 24%. Turkey 59%, Italy 10%, United States 7% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Mangoes A tropical stone fruit, mostly eaten where it grows; FAOSTAT counts mangoes with guavas and mangosteens.	Share of world mangoes production: India 45%, Indonesia 6.6%, China 6.6%, Rest of world 42%. India 45%, Indonesia 7%, China 7% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Orange juice Juice squeezed from oranges and shipped frozen as concentrate or chilled as not-from-concentrate; a different market from fresh fruit.	Share of world orange juice production: Brazil 23%, China 11%, Mexico 7.2%, Rest of world 58%. Brazil 23%, China 11%, Mexico 7% (2024)	$1.47/lb Orange juice, frozen concentrate, first-position futures	-40%
Oranges Citrus fruit sold fresh or squeezed into juice concentrate; the juice and fresh markets barely overlap.	Share of world oranges production: Brazil 23%, China 11%, Mexico 7.2%, Rest of world 58%. Brazil 23%, China 11%, Mexico 7% (2024)	$0.77/kg Mediterranean exporters, CIF France	-40%
Pineapples A bromeliad fruit grown on an eighteen-month cycle and shipped fresh or canned.	Share of world pineapples production: Costa Rica 11%, Philippines 10%, Indonesia 9.4%, Rest of world 70%. Costa Rica 11%, Philippines 10%, Indonesia 9% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Pistachios A desert nut that bears heavily only every other year, grown mostly in Iran, the United States and Turkey.	Share of world pistachios production: United States 36%, Turkey 28%, Iran 23%, Rest of world 13%. United States 36%, Turkey 28%, Iran 23% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Plantains Starchy cooking bananas, boiled, fried or pounded as a staple across west and central Africa and the Caribbean.	Share of world plantains production: Uganda 27%, DR Congo 11%, Cameroon 11%, Rest of world 52%. Uganda 27%, DR Congo 11%, Cameroon 11% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Potatoes A tuber staple that stores well but travels badly, so most of it is eaten in the country that grew it.	Share of world potatoes production: China 24%, India 15%, Ukraine 5.4%, Rest of world 56%. China 24%, India 15%, Ukraine 5% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Tomatoes The world’s largest vegetable crop by weight, split between fresh salad fruit and processing tomatoes for paste.	Share of world tomatoes production: China 33%, India 11%, Turkey 7.8%, Rest of world 48%. China 33%, India 11%, Turkey 8% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Yams A large tropical tuber, grown overwhelmingly in the west African yam belt and eaten pounded.	Share of world yams production: Nigeria 71%, Ghana 11%, Ivory Coast 8.3%, Rest of world 10%. Nigeria 71%, Ghana 11%, Ivory Coast 8% (2024)	No benchmark	—

Livestock, meat & dairy

Livestock, meat & dairy commodities
Commodity	Top producers	Latest price	12 months
Beef Meat from cattle, sold chilled or frozen, as carcasses, primal cuts or boxed trimmings.	Share of world beef production: United States 18%, Brazil 15%, China 10%, Rest of world 58%. United States 18%, Brazil 15%, China 10% (2024)	$7.28/kg Australia/New Zealand, CIF US ports	+6%
Cheese Milk concentrated by coagulation and ageing, the form in which most traded dairy protein and fat moves.	Share of world cheese production: United States 28%, Germany 10%, France 7.5%, Rest of world 54%. United States 28%, Germany 10%, France 8% (2023)	No benchmark	—
Chicken Meat from broiler chickens, the world's fastest-growing source of animal protein.	Share of world chicken production: United States 16%, China 12%, Brazil 11%, Rest of world 62%. United States 16%, China 12%, Brazil 11% (2024)	$1.69/kg US Gulf ports, broiler cuts	+1%
Eggs Hen eggs in shell, produced close to where they are eaten because they are fragile and perishable.	Share of world eggs production: China 35%, India 9.1%, Indonesia 7.4%, Rest of world 49%. China 35%, India 9%, Indonesia 7% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Honey Nectar concentrated by honeybees, sold by floral source and increasingly tested for adulteration.	Share of world honey production: China 24%, India 7.9%, Turkey 5.2%, Rest of world 63%. China 24%, India 8%, Turkey 5% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Lamb Meat from sheep, sold as lamb (under a year old) or mutton, and traded mostly frozen.	Share of world lamb production: China 23%, India 11%, Australia 8%, Rest of world 58%. China 23%, India 11%, Australia 8% (2024)	$7.43/kg New Zealand, frozen carcass, wholesale London	+19%
Milk Raw cow's milk, most of it drunk or processed close to where it is produced; only powders, butter and cheese travel far.	Share of world milk production: India 17%, United States 13%, China 5.2%, Rest of world 65%. India 17%, United States 13%, China 5% (2024)	$19.66/cwt Milk, USDA Class III spot, United States	-7%
Pork Meat from pigs, the most eaten meat in China and the European Union and the most sensitive to disease outbreaks.	Share of world pork production: China 46%, United States 10%, Brazil 4.3%, Rest of world 40%. China 46%, United States 10%, Brazil 4% (2024)	No benchmark	—

Seafood

Seafood commodities
Commodity	Top producers	Latest price	12 months
Fishmeal Dried, ground fish, mostly small pelagic species such as anchoveta, fed to farmed fish, pigs and poultry.	No production table yet	$2,500/t Any origin, 64-65% protein, CIF Hamburg	+43%
Salmon Farmed Atlantic salmon raised in sea pens and flown or shipped fresh; the highest-value farmed fish in world trade.	No production table yet	$7.81/kg Salmon, farmed Norwegian export price	+26%
Shrimp Farmed and wild-caught crustaceans, frozen at source and shipped as headless shell-on or peeled product.	No production table yet	$8.6/kg Mexico, US import price, No. 1 shell-on	-25%

Fertilizers

Fertilizers commodities
Commodity	Top producers	Latest price	12 months
Phosphate fertilizers Processed phosphate nutrients, mainly diammonium phosphate (DAP) and triple superphosphate (TSP), applied to crops.	No production table yet	$793.5/t DAP, FOB US Gulf	-0%
Phosphate rock Sedimentary rock rich in phosphate minerals, mined and acidulated to make phosphate fertilizer.	Share of world phosphate rock production: China 44%, Morocco 14%, United States 8%, Rest of world 34%. China 44%, Morocco 14%, United States 8% (2025)	$170/t Morocco, 70% BPL, FOB Casablanca	+11%
Potash Potassium salts, mostly potassium chloride, mined from ancient seabed deposits and spread as fertilizer.	Share of world potash production: Canada 31%, Russia 20%, China 13%, Rest of world 36%. Canada 31%, Russia 20%, China 13% (2025)	$386.9/t Potassium chloride, standard grade, FOB Vancouver	+9%
Urea The main nitrogen fertilizer, made by combining ammonia with carbon dioxide; ammonia itself is made from natural gas.	No production table yet	$390/t Urea, FOB Middle East	-23%

Timber & forest products

Timber & forest products commodities
Commodity	Top producers	Latest price	12 months
Logs Tree stems cut to length for sawing or peeling, measured in cubic metres and traded before any milling.	Share of world logs production: United States 16%, Brazil 10%, Russia 9.9%, Rest of world 64%. United States 16%, Brazil 10%, Russia 10% (2024)	$405.7/m³ Cameroon, sapele, FOB Douala	-0%
Plywood Panels glued from thin wood veneers with alternating grain, used in construction, furniture and packaging.	Share of world plywood production: China 53%, India 11%, United States 7.9%, Rest of world 28%. China 53%, India 11%, United States 8% (2024)	343.8¢/sheet Africa and Southeast Asia, Tokyo import	-7%
Sawnwood Wood sawn lengthwise into boards thicker than six millimetres, the main construction timber.	Share of world sawnwood production: United States 17%, China 14%, Russia 8.4%, Rest of world 61%. United States 17%, China 14%, Russia 8% (2024)	$648.7/m³ Cameroon, sapele, FOB Douala	+1%

Fibres & other raw materials

Fibres & other raw materials commodities
Commodity	Top producers	Latest price	12 months
Cotton The seed fibre of the cotton plant, ginned into lint and spun into yarn; the world's main natural textile fibre.	Share of world cotton production: China 23%, India 22%, Brazil 12%, Rest of world 43%. China 23%, India 22%, Brazil 12% (2023)	$2.11/kg Cotlook A Index, CFR Far East	+22%
Jute A bast fibre retted from stems in the Ganges delta and woven into sacking, twine and geotextiles.	Share of world jute production: Bangladesh 56%, India 38%, Cambodia 4.1%, Rest of world 1.4%. Bangladesh 56%, India 38%, Cambodia 4% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Natural rubber Latex tapped from the Hevea tree, coagulated into sheets or block rubber; two-thirds of it goes into tyres.	Share of world natural rubber production: Thailand 32%, Indonesia 15%, Ivory Coast 11%, Rest of world 41%. Thailand 32%, Indonesia 15%, Ivory Coast 11% (2024)	$2.24/kg TSR20, SGX/SICOM	+31%
Silk Filament reeled from the cocoon of the mulberry silkworm, the only natural continuous-filament fibre.	Share of world silk production: India 56%, China 32%, Uzbekistan 6.5%, Rest of world 5.8%. India 56%, China 32%, Uzbekistan 6% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Sisal A hard leaf fibre cut from agave plants, used for agricultural twine, rope and polishing cloth.	Share of world sisal production: Brazil 40%, Tanzania 26%, Kenya 9%, Rest of world 25%. Brazil 40%, Tanzania 26%, Kenya 9% (2024)	No benchmark	—
Wool Fleece shorn from sheep, sold greasy by micron thickness and scoured before spinning.	Share of world wool production: China 21%, Australia 17%, New Zealand 7.4%, Rest of world 55%. China 21%, Australia 17%, New Zealand 7% (2024)	1,595¢/kg Wool, fine 19 micron, Australian Wool Exchange spot	+60%

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